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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Red pulp</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Spleen</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>pulpa splenica</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/13.2.01.005%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A13.2.01.005</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=5175">5175</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma15844">15844</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"></div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>red pulp</b> of the <a href="Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a> is composed of <a href="Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> known also as the <a href="Cords_of_Billroth" title="Cords of Billroth">cords of Billroth</a> and many splenic <a href="Sinusoid_(blood_vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinusoid (blood vessel)">sinusoids</a> that are engorged with blood, giving it a red color.<sup id="cite_ref-Junqueira_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junqueira-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary function is to filter the blood of <a href="Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">antigens</a>, microorganisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The spleen is made of red pulp and <a href="White_pulp" title="White pulp">white pulp</a>, separated by the <a href="Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">marginal zone</a>; 76–79% of a normal spleen is red pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-Pochedly_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pochedly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike white pulp, which mainly contains <a href="Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> such as <a href="T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>, red pulp is made up of several different types of blood cells, including <a href="Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a>, <a href="Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a>, <a href="Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, and <a href="Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Junqueira_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junqueira-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The red pulp also acts as a large reservoir for <a href="Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>. These monocytes are found in clusters in the Billroth's cords (red pulp cords). The population of monocytes in this reservoir is greater than the total number of monocytes present in circulation. They can be rapidly mobilised to leave the spleen and assist in tackling ongoing infections.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sinusoids">Sinusoids</h2></div>

<p>The splenic sinusoids, are wide vessels that drain into pulp veins which themselves drain into <a href="Trabecular_veins" title="Trabecular veins">trabecular veins</a>. Gaps in the <a href="Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> lining the sinusoids mechanically filter blood cells as they enter the spleen. Worn-out or abnormal red cells attempting to squeeze through the narrow intercellular spaces become badly damaged, and are subsequently devoured by <a href="Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> in the red pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to clearing aged red blood cells, the sinusoids also filter out cellular debris, particles that could clutter up the bloodstream.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cells_found_in_red_pulp">Cells found in red pulp</h2></div>

<p>Red pulp consists of a dense network of fine <a href="Reticular_fiber" title="Reticular fiber">reticular fiber</a>, continuous with those of the <a href="Splenic_trabeculae" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic trabeculae">splenic trabeculae</a>, to which are applied flat, branching cells. The meshes of the reticulum are filled with <a href="Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cells</a> are found to be in larger proportion than they are in ordinary blood.</li>

<li>Large rounded cells, termed splenic cells, are also seen; these are capable of ameboid movement, and often contain pigment and red-blood corpuscles in their interior.</li>

<li>The cells of the reticulum each possess a round or oval nucleus, and like the splenic cells, they may contain pigment granules in their cytoplasm; they do not stain deeply with carmine, and in this respect differ from the cells of the <a href="Splenic_lymphoid_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic lymphoid nodules">Malpighian corpuscles</a>.</li>

<li>In the young spleen, <a href="Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> may also be found, each containing numerous <a href="Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a> or one compound nucleus.</li>

<li>Nucleated <a href="Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> have also been found in the spleen of young animals.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_pulp_macrophages">Red pulp macrophages</h3></div>

<p>Macrophages are highly diverse mononuclear phagocytes that are present throughout the body, including the spleen. Those located in the red pulp are known as red pulp macrophages (RPMs). They are necessary for maintaining blood <a href="Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a> by performing phagocytosis upon injured and senescent erythrocytes and blood-borne particulates. Evidence suggests that RPMs are mainly produced during embryogenesis and are maintained during adult life.

</p><p>Additionally, there are a number of cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic factors that regulate the development and survival of RPMs, these factors being: Spi-C, IRF8/4, <a href="Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> oxygenase-1 and M-CSF.

</p><p>RPM's are capable of inducing the differentiation of regulatory T cells by the expression of transforming growth factor-β. They can also secrete type-1 interferons during parasitic infections.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Blood in the arteries end in the Billroth's cords (red pulp cords). These cords are made up of fibroblasts and reticular fibres which form an open blood system without an endothelial lining, and it is within these cords that F4/80+ macrophages are found, which are associated with the reticular cells of these areas and are collectively known as red pulp macrophages. From the Billroth's cords, the blood passes into the venous sinuses of the red pulp, which are lined with discontinuous endothelium as well as stress fibres extending under the basal plasma membrane, parallel to the cellular axis. This arrangement of the stress fibres combined with the parallel arrangement of the sinus endothelial cells forces the blood in the red pulp through slits that are formed by the stress fibres. However, this passage can become difficult for ageing red blood cells due to their less flexible membranes and therefore they get stuck in the cords and they will be subsequently phagocytosed by the red pulp macrophages. This process is known as erythrophagocytosis, which is important for the turnover of red blood cells and the recycling of iron, which is a major function of the red pulp macrophages and is made possible by this special structure of the red pulp.

</p><p>The iron from the red blood cells is either released by the red pulp macrophages or stored in the erythrocyte itself in the form of ferritin. Also, the erythrocyte can store larger amounts of iron in the form of hemosiderin (an insoluble complex of partially degraded ferritin), and large deposits of this can be seen in the red pulp macrophages. The red pulp macrophages also obtain iron by scavenging a complex of haemoglobin (released from erythrocytes destroyed intravascularly throughout the body) and haptoglobin, via endocytosis through CD163. The iron stored in the splenic macrophages is released in accordance with the requirements of the bone marrow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diseases">Diseases</h2></div>

<p>In <a href="Lymphoid_leukemia" title="Lymphoid leukemia">lymphoid leukemia</a>, the white pulp of the spleen hypertrophies and the red pulp shrinks.<sup id="cite_ref-Pochedly_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pochedly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases the white pulp can swell to 50% of the total volume of the spleen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="Myeloid_leukemia" title="Myeloid leukemia">myeloid leukemia</a>, the white pulp atrophies and the red pulp expands.<sup id="cite_ref-Pochedly_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pochedly-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/1284/mode/2up">page 1284</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="Gray's_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFden_HaanKraal2012" class="citation journal cs1">den Haan, Joke M.M.; Kraal, Georg (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741446">"Innate Immune Functions of Macrophage Subpopulations in the Spleen"</a>. <i>Journal of Innate Immunity</i>. <b>4</b> (<span class="nowrap">5–</span>6): <span class="nowrap">437–</span>445. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000335216">10.1159/000335216</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1662-8128">1662-8128</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6741446">6741446</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22327291">22327291</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2001" class="citation book cs1">Cormack, David H. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialhistolo0000corm_p5i3"><i>Essential histology</i></a></span>. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialhistolo0000corm_p5i3/page/169">169</a>–170. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7817-1668-3</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKurotakiUedeTamura2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kurotaki, Daisuke; Uede, Toshimitsu; Tamura, Tomohiko (February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1348-0421.12228">"Functions and development of red pulp macrophages"</a>. <i>Microbiology and Immunology</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>62. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1348-0421.12228">10.1111/1348-0421.12228</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0385-5600">0385-5600</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25611090">25611090</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJan_KleinVáclav_Hořejší1997" class="citation book cs1">Jan Klein; Václav Hořejší (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjMWP6HiSacC&pg=PA30"><i>Immunology</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 30. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-632-05468-9</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anatomyatlases.org/MicroscopicAnatomy/Section09/Plate09175.shtml">Anatomy Atlases – Microscopic Anatomy, plate 09.175</a></i> - "Spleen: Red Pulp"</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Organs_of_the_lymphatic_system122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organs of the <a href="Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Primary_lymphoid_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary lymphoid organs">Primary organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hassall's_corpuscles" title="Hassall's corpuscles">Hassall's corpuscles</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Secondary_lymphoid_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary lymphoid organs">Secondary organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Parts

<ul><li><a href="Splenic_hilum" class="mw-redirect" title="Splenic hilum">Hilum</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabeculae_of_spleen" title="Trabeculae of spleen">Trabeculae</a></li></ul></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Cords_of_Billroth" title="Cords of Billroth">Cords of Billroth</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">Marginal zone</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="White_pulp" title="White pulp">White pulp</a>

<ul><li><a href="Periarteriolar_lymphoid_sheaths" title="Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths">Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths</a></li>

<li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Blood vessels

<ul><li><a href="Trabecular_arteries" title="Trabecular arteries">Trabecular arteries</a></li>

<li><a href="Trabecular_veins" title="Trabecular veins">Trabecular veins</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Tonsil" title="Tonsil">Tonsils</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Palatine_tonsil" title="Palatine tonsil">Palatine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lingual_tonsils" title="Lingual tonsils">Lingual</a></li>

<li><a href="Pharyngeal_tonsil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharyngeal tonsil">Pharyngeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tubal_tonsil" title="Tubal tonsil">Tubal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tonsillar_crypts" title="Tonsillar crypts">Tonsillar crypts</a></li>

<li><a href="Waldeyer's_tonsillar_ring" title="Waldeyer's tonsillar ring">Waldeyer's tonsillar ring</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph nodes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li>

<li><a href="T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>

<ul><li><a href="High_endothelial_venules" title="High endothelial venules">High endothelial venules</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>

<ul><li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantle_zone" title="Mantle zone">Mantle zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_zone" title="Marginal zone">Marginal zone</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue" title="Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue">MALT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Peyer's_patch" title="Peyer's patch">Peyer's patch</a></li>

<li><a href="Germinal_center" title="Germinal center">Germinal center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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